Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease
Identifieur interne : 000461 ( Main/Corpus ); précédent : 000460; suivant : 000462Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease
Auteurs : K. RinneSource :
- Journal of Neural Transmission [ 0300-9564 ] ; 1981-03-01.
Abstract
Summary: Long-term follow-up of parkinsonian patients has shown that although levodopa treatment significantly improves the parkinsonian symptoms and the quality of life of parkinsonian patients for several years, various distressing difficulties arise during chronic levodopa treatment, such as the loss of benefit, dyskinesias, on-off phenomena, postural instability and dementia. Clinical, neuropsychological, mortality and post-mortem brain studies indicate that levodopa as a replacement therapy does not modify the progression of the underlying pathology and the natural course of the disease. It seems that levodopa has only a limited period of optimal usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, at present there is no better or more potent therapeutic agent available than levodopa and it is still the primary treatment of Parkinson's disease. It would be reasonable not to begin levodopa treatment in patients with mild symptoms but to withold levodopa until the severity of symptoms really makes its use necessary. Thus it is possible to get the maximal long functional benefit. Post-mortem brain studies have shown that in Parkinson's disease there is not only a progressive loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons but there are also significant changes in the striatal dopamine receptors. In some patients a denervation supersensitivity seems to develop and in some others a loss of dopamine receptors in the striatum. However, in advanced parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response to levodopa, there seem to be still enough dopamine receptors in the striatum for drugs stimulating the dopamine receptors directly to improve the parkinsonian disability. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that dopaminergic agonists, such as bromocriptine, seem to be a significant and valuable adjuvant therapy to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response and/or the on-off phenomena. Although bromocriptine is not completely satisfactory, it is a significant opening to a new mode of treatment. In the future it will be very important to develop more potent and selective dopaminergic agonists affecting only those striatal receptors which are mainly responsible for the parkinsonian symptoms. Then a better therapeutic response is likely to occur and many central side effects can be avoided. Current difficulties in the management of Parkinson's disease greatly depend on the fact that we are dealing with a symptomatic therapy. It is hoped that future research will soon lead to a discovery of the primary cause and consequently to a causal therapy of Parkinson's disease.
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DOI: 10.1007/BF01664013
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Rinne</name><affiliation><mods:affiliation>Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</mods:affiliation></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">ISTEX</idno><idno type="RBID">ISTEX:8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D</idno><date when="1981" year="1981">1981</date><idno type="doi">10.1007/BF01664013</idno><idno type="url">https://api.istex.fr/document/8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D/fulltext/pdf</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Corpus">000461</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease</title><author><name sortKey="Rinne, K" sort="Rinne, K" uniqKey="Rinne K" first="K." last="Rinne">K. 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Clinical, neuropsychological, mortality and post-mortem brain studies indicate that levodopa as a replacement therapy does not modify the progression of the underlying pathology and the natural course of the disease. It seems that levodopa has only a limited period of optimal usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, at present there is no better or more potent therapeutic agent available than levodopa and it is still the primary treatment of Parkinson's disease. It would be reasonable not to begin levodopa treatment in patients with mild symptoms but to withold levodopa until the severity of symptoms really makes its use necessary. Thus it is possible to get the maximal long functional benefit. Post-mortem brain studies have shown that in Parkinson's disease there is not only a progressive loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons but there are also significant changes in the striatal dopamine receptors. In some patients a denervation supersensitivity seems to develop and in some others a loss of dopamine receptors in the striatum. However, in advanced parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response to levodopa, there seem to be still enough dopamine receptors in the striatum for drugs stimulating the dopamine receptors directly to improve the parkinsonian disability. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that dopaminergic agonists, such as bromocriptine, seem to be a significant and valuable adjuvant therapy to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response and/or the on-off phenomena. Although bromocriptine is not completely satisfactory, it is a significant opening to a new mode of treatment. In the future it will be very important to develop more potent and selective dopaminergic agonists affecting only those striatal receptors which are mainly responsible for the parkinsonian symptoms. Then a better therapeutic response is likely to occur and many central side effects can be avoided. Current difficulties in the management of Parkinson's disease greatly depend on the fact that we are dealing with a symptomatic therapy. It is hoped that future research will soon lead to a discovery of the primary cause and consequently to a causal therapy of Parkinson's disease.</div></front></TEI><istex><corpusName>springer</corpusName><author><json:item><name>U. K. Rinne</name><affiliations><json:string>Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</json:string></affiliations></json:item></author><articleId><json:string>Art12</json:string><json:string>BF01664013</json:string></articleId><language><json:string>eng</json:string></language><abstract>Summary: Long-term follow-up of parkinsonian patients has shown that although levodopa treatment significantly improves the parkinsonian symptoms and the quality of life of parkinsonian patients for several years, various distressing difficulties arise during chronic levodopa treatment, such as the loss of benefit, dyskinesias, on-off phenomena, postural instability and dementia. Clinical, neuropsychological, mortality and post-mortem brain studies indicate that levodopa as a replacement therapy does not modify the progression of the underlying pathology and the natural course of the disease. It seems that levodopa has only a limited period of optimal usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, at present there is no better or more potent therapeutic agent available than levodopa and it is still the primary treatment of Parkinson's disease. It would be reasonable not to begin levodopa treatment in patients with mild symptoms but to withold levodopa until the severity of symptoms really makes its use necessary. Thus it is possible to get the maximal long functional benefit. Post-mortem brain studies have shown that in Parkinson's disease there is not only a progressive loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons but there are also significant changes in the striatal dopamine receptors. In some patients a denervation supersensitivity seems to develop and in some others a loss of dopamine receptors in the striatum. However, in advanced parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response to levodopa, there seem to be still enough dopamine receptors in the striatum for drugs stimulating the dopamine receptors directly to improve the parkinsonian disability. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that dopaminergic agonists, such as bromocriptine, seem to be a significant and valuable adjuvant therapy to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response and/or the on-off phenomena. Although bromocriptine is not completely satisfactory, it is a significant opening to a new mode of treatment. In the future it will be very important to develop more potent and selective dopaminergic agonists affecting only those striatal receptors which are mainly responsible for the parkinsonian symptoms. Then a better therapeutic response is likely to occur and many central side effects can be avoided. Current difficulties in the management of Parkinson's disease greatly depend on the fact that we are dealing with a symptomatic therapy. It is hoped that future research will soon lead to a discovery of the primary cause and consequently to a causal therapy of Parkinson's disease.</abstract><qualityIndicators><score>7.004</score><pdfVersion>1.3</pdfVersion><pdfPageSize>432 x 648 pts</pdfPageSize><refBibsNative>false</refBibsNative><keywordCount>0</keywordCount><abstractCharCount>2627</abstractCharCount><pdfWordCount>4004</pdfWordCount><pdfCharCount>26757</pdfCharCount><pdfPageCount>14</pdfPageCount><abstractWordCount>389</abstractWordCount></qualityIndicators><title>Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease</title><genre><json:string>research-article</json:string></genre><host><volume>51</volume><pages><last>174</last><first>161</first></pages><issn><json:string>0300-9564</json:string></issn><issue>1-2</issue><subject><json:item><value>Pharmacology/Toxicology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Neurology</value></json:item><json:item><value>Psychiatry</value></json:item></subject><journalId><json:string>702</json:string></journalId><genre><json:string>Journal</json:string></genre><language><json:string>unknown</json:string></language><eissn><json:string>1435-1463</json:string></eissn><title>Journal of Neural Transmission</title><publicationDate>1981</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1981</copyrightDate></host><publicationDate>1981</publicationDate><copyrightDate>1981</copyrightDate><doi><json:string>10.1007/BF01664013</json:string></doi><id>8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D</id><fulltext><json:item><original>true</original><mimetype>application/pdf</mimetype><extension>pdf</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D/fulltext/pdf</uri></json:item><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>application/zip</mimetype><extension>zip</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D/fulltext/zip</uri></json:item><istex:fulltextTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D/fulltext/tei"><teiHeader><fileDesc><titleStmt><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease</title><respStmt xml:id="ISTEX-API" resp="Références bibliographiques récupérées via GROBID" name="ISTEX-API (INIST-CNRS)"></respStmt></titleStmt><publicationStmt><authority>ISTEX</authority><publisher>Springer-Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Vienna</pubPlace><availability><p>SPRINGER</p></availability><date>1980-12-29</date></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct type="inbook"><analytic><title level="a" type="main" xml:lang="en">Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease</title><author><persName><forename type="first">U.</forename><surname>Rinne</surname></persName><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</affiliation></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Journal of Neural Transmission</title><title level="j" type="sub">Basic neurosciences and genetics, Parkinson's disease and allied conditions, Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, biological psychiatry</title><title level="j" type="abbrev">J. Neural Transmission</title><idno type="JournalID">702</idno><idno type="pISSN">0300-9564</idno><idno type="eISSN">1435-1463</idno><idno type="IssueArticleCount">13</idno><idno type="VolumeIssueCount">4</idno><imprint><publisher>Springer-Verlag</publisher><pubPlace>Vienna</pubPlace><date type="published" when="1981-03-01"></date><biblScope unit="volume">51</biblScope><biblScope unit="issue">1-2</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" from="161">161</biblScope><biblScope unit="page" to="174">174</biblScope></imprint></monogr><idno type="istex">8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D</idno><idno type="DOI">10.1007/BF01664013</idno><idno type="ArticleID">Art12</idno><idno type="ArticleID">BF01664013</idno></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><creation><date>1980-12-29</date></creation><langUsage><language ident="en">en</language></langUsage><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Summary: Long-term follow-up of parkinsonian patients has shown that although levodopa treatment significantly improves the parkinsonian symptoms and the quality of life of parkinsonian patients for several years, various distressing difficulties arise during chronic levodopa treatment, such as the loss of benefit, dyskinesias, on-off phenomena, postural instability and dementia. Clinical, neuropsychological, mortality and post-mortem brain studies indicate that levodopa as a replacement therapy does not modify the progression of the underlying pathology and the natural course of the disease. It seems that levodopa has only a limited period of optimal usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, at present there is no better or more potent therapeutic agent available than levodopa and it is still the primary treatment of Parkinson's disease. It would be reasonable not to begin levodopa treatment in patients with mild symptoms but to withold levodopa until the severity of symptoms really makes its use necessary. Thus it is possible to get the maximal long functional benefit. Post-mortem brain studies have shown that in Parkinson's disease there is not only a progressive loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons but there are also significant changes in the striatal dopamine receptors. In some patients a denervation supersensitivity seems to develop and in some others a loss of dopamine receptors in the striatum. However, in advanced parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response to levodopa, there seem to be still enough dopamine receptors in the striatum for drugs stimulating the dopamine receptors directly to improve the parkinsonian disability. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that dopaminergic agonists, such as bromocriptine, seem to be a significant and valuable adjuvant therapy to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response and/or the on-off phenomena. Although bromocriptine is not completely satisfactory, it is a significant opening to a new mode of treatment. In the future it will be very important to develop more potent and selective dopaminergic agonists affecting only those striatal receptors which are mainly responsible for the parkinsonian symptoms. Then a better therapeutic response is likely to occur and many central side effects can be avoided. Current difficulties in the management of Parkinson's disease greatly depend on the fact that we are dealing with a symptomatic therapy. It is hoped that future research will soon lead to a discovery of the primary cause and consequently to a causal therapy of Parkinson's disease.</p></abstract><textClass><keywords scheme="Journal Subject"><list><head>Medicine & Public Health</head><item><term>Pharmacology/Toxicology</term></item><item><term>Neurology</term></item><item><term>Psychiatry</term></item></list></keywords></textClass></profileDesc><revisionDesc><change when="1980-12-29">Created</change><change when="1981-03-01">Published</change><change xml:id="refBibs-istex" who="#ISTEX-API" when="2016-3-1">References added</change></revisionDesc></teiHeader></istex:fulltextTEI><json:item><original>false</original><mimetype>text/plain</mimetype><extension>txt</extension><uri>https://api.istex.fr/document/8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D/fulltext/txt</uri></json:item></fulltext><metadata><istex:metadataXml wicri:clean="Springer, Publisher found" wicri:toSee="no header"><istex:xmlDeclaration>version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"</istex:xmlDeclaration><istex:docType PUBLIC="-//Springer-Verlag//DTD A++ V2.4//EN" URI="http://devel.springer.de/A++/V2.4/DTD/A++V2.4.dtd" name="istex:docType"></istex:docType><istex:document><Publisher><PublisherInfo><PublisherName>Springer-Verlag</PublisherName><PublisherLocation>Vienna</PublisherLocation></PublisherInfo><Journal><JournalInfo JournalProductType="ArchiveJournal" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered"><JournalID>702</JournalID><JournalPrintISSN>0300-9564</JournalPrintISSN><JournalElectronicISSN>1435-1463</JournalElectronicISSN><JournalTitle>Journal of Neural Transmission</JournalTitle><JournalSubTitle>Basic neurosciences and genetics, Parkinson's disease and allied conditions, Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, biological psychiatry</JournalSubTitle><JournalAbbreviatedTitle>J. Neural Transmission</JournalAbbreviatedTitle><JournalSubjectGroup><JournalSubject Type="Primary">Medicine & Public Health</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Pharmacology/Toxicology</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Neurology</JournalSubject><JournalSubject Type="Secondary">Psychiatry</JournalSubject></JournalSubjectGroup></JournalInfo><Volume><VolumeInfo VolumeType="Regular" TocLevels="0"><VolumeIDStart>51</VolumeIDStart><VolumeIDEnd>51</VolumeIDEnd><VolumeIssueCount>4</VolumeIssueCount></VolumeInfo><Issue IssueType="Combined"><IssueInfo TocLevels="0"><IssueIDStart>1</IssueIDStart><IssueIDEnd>2</IssueIDEnd><IssueArticleCount>13</IssueArticleCount><IssueHistory><CoverDate><DateString>1981</DateString><Year>1981</Year><Month>3</Month></CoverDate></IssueHistory><IssueCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>1981</CopyrightYear></IssueCopyright></IssueInfo><Article ID="Art12"><ArticleInfo Language="En" ArticleType="OriginalPaper" NumberingStyle="Unnumbered" TocLevels="0" ContainsESM="No"><ArticleID>BF01664013</ArticleID><ArticleDOI>10.1007/BF01664013</ArticleDOI><ArticleSequenceNumber>12</ArticleSequenceNumber><ArticleTitle Language="En">Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease</ArticleTitle><ArticleFirstPage>161</ArticleFirstPage><ArticleLastPage>174</ArticleLastPage><ArticleHistory><RegistrationDate><Year>2005</Year><Month>4</Month><Day>25</Day></RegistrationDate><Received><Year>1980</Year><Month>12</Month><Day>29</Day></Received></ArticleHistory><ArticleCopyright><CopyrightHolderName>Springer-Verlag</CopyrightHolderName><CopyrightYear>1981</CopyrightYear></ArticleCopyright><ArticleGrants Type="Regular"><MetadataGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></MetadataGrant><AbstractGrant Grant="OpenAccess"></AbstractGrant><BodyPDFGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyPDFGrant><BodyHTMLGrant Grant="Restricted"></BodyHTMLGrant><BibliographyGrant Grant="Restricted"></BibliographyGrant><ESMGrant Grant="Restricted"></ESMGrant></ArticleGrants><ArticleContext><JournalID>702</JournalID><VolumeIDStart>51</VolumeIDStart><VolumeIDEnd>51</VolumeIDEnd><IssueIDStart>1</IssueIDStart><IssueIDEnd>2</IssueIDEnd></ArticleContext></ArticleInfo><ArticleHeader><AuthorGroup><Author AffiliationIDS="Aff1" PresentAffiliationID="Aff1"><AuthorName DisplayOrder="Western"><GivenName>U.</GivenName><GivenName>K.</GivenName><FamilyName>Rinne</FamilyName></AuthorName></Author><Affiliation ID="Aff1"><OrgDivision>Department of Neurology</OrgDivision><OrgName>University of Turku</OrgName><OrgAddress><City>Turku</City><Country>Finland</Country></OrgAddress></Affiliation></AuthorGroup><Abstract ID="Abs1" Language="En"><Heading>Summary</Heading><Para>Long-term follow-up of parkinsonian patients has shown that although levodopa treatment significantly improves the parkinsonian symptoms and the quality of life of parkinsonian patients for several years, various distressing difficulties arise during chronic levodopa treatment, such as the loss of benefit, dyskinesias, on-off phenomena, postural instability and dementia. Clinical, neuropsychological, mortality and post-mortem brain studies indicate that levodopa as a replacement therapy does not modify the progression of the underlying pathology and the natural course of the disease. It seems that levodopa has only a limited period of optimal usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, at present there is no better or more potent therapeutic agent available than levodopa and it is still the primary treatment of Parkinson's disease. It would be reasonable not to begin levodopa treatment in patients with mild symptoms but to withold levodopa until the severity of symptoms really makes its use necessary. Thus it is possible to get the maximal long functional benefit.</Para><Para>Post-mortem brain studies have shown that in Parkinson's disease there is not only a progressive loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons but there are also significant changes in the striatal dopamine receptors. In some patients a denervation supersensitivity seems to develop and in some others a loss of dopamine receptors in the striatum. However, in advanced parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response to levodopa, there seem to be still enough dopamine receptors in the striatum for drugs stimulating the dopamine receptors directly to improve the parkinsonian disability. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that dopaminergic agonists, such as bromocriptine, seem to be a significant and valuable adjuvant therapy to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response and/or the on-off phenomena. Although bromocriptine is not completely satisfactory, it is a significant opening to a new mode of treatment. In the future it will be very important to develop more potent and selective dopaminergic agonists affecting only those striatal receptors which are mainly responsible for the parkinsonian symptoms. Then a better therapeutic response is likely to occur and many central side effects can be avoided.</Para><Para>Current difficulties in the management of Parkinson's disease greatly depend on the fact that we are dealing with a symptomatic therapy. It is hoped that future research will soon lead to a discovery of the primary cause and consequently to a causal therapy of Parkinson's disease.</Para></Abstract></ArticleHeader><NoBody></NoBody></Article></Issue></Volume></Journal></Publisher></istex:document></istex:metadataXml><mods version="3.6"><titleInfo lang="en"><title>Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease</title></titleInfo><titleInfo type="alternative" contentType="CDATA" lang="en"><title>Treatment of Parkinson's disease: Problems with a progressing disease</title></titleInfo><name type="personal"><namePart type="given">U.</namePart><namePart type="given">K.</namePart><namePart type="family">Rinne</namePart><affiliation>Department of Neurology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland</affiliation><role><roleTerm type="text">author</roleTerm></role></name><typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource><genre type="research-article" displayLabel="OriginalPaper"></genre><originInfo><publisher>Springer-Verlag</publisher><place><placeTerm type="text">Vienna</placeTerm></place><dateCreated encoding="w3cdtf">1980-12-29</dateCreated><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1981-03-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1981</copyrightDate></originInfo><language><languageTerm type="code" authority="rfc3066">en</languageTerm><languageTerm type="code" authority="iso639-2b">eng</languageTerm></language><physicalDescription><internetMediaType>text/html</internetMediaType></physicalDescription><abstract lang="en">Summary: Long-term follow-up of parkinsonian patients has shown that although levodopa treatment significantly improves the parkinsonian symptoms and the quality of life of parkinsonian patients for several years, various distressing difficulties arise during chronic levodopa treatment, such as the loss of benefit, dyskinesias, on-off phenomena, postural instability and dementia. Clinical, neuropsychological, mortality and post-mortem brain studies indicate that levodopa as a replacement therapy does not modify the progression of the underlying pathology and the natural course of the disease. It seems that levodopa has only a limited period of optimal usefulness in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. However, at present there is no better or more potent therapeutic agent available than levodopa and it is still the primary treatment of Parkinson's disease. It would be reasonable not to begin levodopa treatment in patients with mild symptoms but to withold levodopa until the severity of symptoms really makes its use necessary. Thus it is possible to get the maximal long functional benefit. Post-mortem brain studies have shown that in Parkinson's disease there is not only a progressive loss of dopaminergic substantia nigra neurons but there are also significant changes in the striatal dopamine receptors. In some patients a denervation supersensitivity seems to develop and in some others a loss of dopamine receptors in the striatum. However, in advanced parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response to levodopa, there seem to be still enough dopamine receptors in the striatum for drugs stimulating the dopamine receptors directly to improve the parkinsonian disability. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that dopaminergic agonists, such as bromocriptine, seem to be a significant and valuable adjuvant therapy to levodopa in parkinsonian patients with a deteriorating response and/or the on-off phenomena. Although bromocriptine is not completely satisfactory, it is a significant opening to a new mode of treatment. In the future it will be very important to develop more potent and selective dopaminergic agonists affecting only those striatal receptors which are mainly responsible for the parkinsonian symptoms. Then a better therapeutic response is likely to occur and many central side effects can be avoided. Current difficulties in the management of Parkinson's disease greatly depend on the fact that we are dealing with a symptomatic therapy. It is hoped that future research will soon lead to a discovery of the primary cause and consequently to a causal therapy of Parkinson's disease.</abstract><relatedItem type="host"><titleInfo><title>Journal of Neural Transmission</title><subTitle>Basic neurosciences and genetics, Parkinson's disease and allied conditions, Alzheimer's disease and related disorders, biological psychiatry</subTitle></titleInfo><titleInfo type="abbreviated"><title>J. Neural Transmission</title></titleInfo><genre type="Journal" displayLabel="Archive Journal"></genre><originInfo><dateIssued encoding="w3cdtf">1981-03-01</dateIssued><copyrightDate encoding="w3cdtf">1981</copyrightDate></originInfo><subject><genre>Medicine & Public Health</genre><topic>Pharmacology/Toxicology</topic><topic>Neurology</topic><topic>Psychiatry</topic></subject><identifier type="ISSN">0300-9564</identifier><identifier type="eISSN">1435-1463</identifier><identifier type="JournalID">702</identifier><identifier type="IssueArticleCount">13</identifier><identifier type="VolumeIssueCount">4</identifier><part><date>1981</date><detail type="volume"><number>51</number><caption>vol.</caption></detail><detail type="issue"><number>1-2</number><caption>no.</caption></detail><extent unit="pages"><start>161</start><end>174</end></extent></part><recordInfo><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag, 1981</recordOrigin></recordInfo></relatedItem><identifier type="istex">8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D</identifier><identifier type="DOI">10.1007/BF01664013</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">Art12</identifier><identifier type="ArticleID">BF01664013</identifier><accessCondition type="use and reproduction" contentType="copyright">Springer-Verlag</accessCondition><recordInfo><recordContentSource>SPRINGER</recordContentSource><recordOrigin>Springer-Verlag, 1981</recordOrigin></recordInfo></mods></metadata><enrichments><istex:refBibTEI uri="https://api.istex.fr/document/8491342255D885A6B50A70C5A3867DA844AB778D/enrichments/refBib"><teiHeader></teiHeader><text><front></front><body></body><back><listBibl><biblStruct xml:id="b0"><analytic><title level="a" type="main">A comparison of degeneration in cerebral cortex and brainstem</title><author><persName><forename type="first">E</forename><forename type="middle">C</forename><surname>Aivord</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">L</forename><forename type="middle">S</forename><surname>Forno</surname></persName></author><author><persName><forename type="first">J</forename><forename type="middle">A</forename><surname>Kusske</surname></persName></author></analytic><monogr><title level="j">Adv. 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